Legal Protection of Personal Data in the Digital Era: Challenges and Regulatory Framework in Indonesia

Abstract

This study examines the legal protection of personal data in the digital era within the Indonesian context, focusing on the effectiveness of the regulatory framework and its implementation challenges. The research aims to evaluate the adequacy of Indonesia’s personal data protection regime and to identify key obstacles in ensuring comprehensive legal safeguards. A qualitative method is employed using a socio-legal research design that integrates doctrinal analysis with empirical inquiry, selected to capture both normative and practical dimensions of data protection. The study is conducted within the Indonesian legal jurisdiction, with particular attention to regulatory institutions and digital sectors. Data are collected from eight purposively selected informants, including legal scholars, government officials, and digital industry practitioners, chosen for their expertise and relevance. The findings reveal a significant gap between legal provisions and implementation, characterized by limited institutional capacity, low public awareness, and insufficient technological integration. The study concludes that while Indonesia has established a foundational legal framework, its effectiveness remains constrained. Therefore, this research recommends strengthening institutional coordination, enhancing public literacy on data privacy, and promoting the adoption of privacy-enhancing technologies to ensure more effective data protection.