Foreign Policy Strategies of Middle Powers in the Post-Pandemic Global Order

Abstract

This study examines the foreign policy strategies of middle powers in the post-pandemic global order, aiming to analyze how these states adapt to systemic changes and geopolitical uncertainty. Employing a qualitative approach with a comparative case study design, the research focuses on Indonesia, South Korea, and Turkey, selected for their strategic relevance and regional diversity. The design is chosen to enable in-depth, context-sensitive analysis of policy adaptation across different settings. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with twelve informants, including policymakers, diplomats, and academic experts, selected purposively due to their direct involvement and expertise in foreign policy processes. The findings reveal that middle powers adopt hybrid strategies combining coalition-building, niche diplomacy, and strategic hedging, influenced by both domestic factors and systemic pressures. These strategies demonstrate increased flexibility, pragmatism, and issue-specific engagement in response to post-pandemic challenges. The study recommends that middle powers strengthen adaptive diplomacy, expand minilateral cooperation, and enhance institutional resilience to maintain relevance in global governance.