The Relationship between the State and Civil Society from the Perspective of Politica Humanitas, a Critical Study of Participatory Democracy

Abstract

This article examines local power dynamics and democratic practice through the lens of Politica Humanitas by analyzing how participatory governance structures shape relations between regional governments and civil society. The study aims to develop a humanistic-critical framework for assessing whether participation en-hances dignity, recognition, and accountability or devolves into symbolic inclusion. A qualitative, multi-sited critical case study design was employed because it enables in-depth interpretation of institutional practices, deliberative interactions, and ethical consequences beyond procedural indicators. Fieldwork was conducted in two Indonesian municipal settings where participatory planning and budgeting forums are routinely implemented. Data were generated through semi-structured interviews with 32 purposively selected informants (government officials, civil society leaders, and community representatives), non-participant observation of participatory meetings, and analysis of policy and budget documents. Findings indicate that participation is frequently constrained by agenda control, stratified voice, and weak linkage between forum outputs and binding decisions, producing a legitimacy and dignity deficit. However, inclusive facilitation, transparent criteria, coalition-building, and institutionalized monitoring strengthen substantive participation. The article recommends redesigning participatory institutions to open agenda-setting, protect marginalized voices, and connect deliberation to enforceable decisions.